The Chuar Rebellion - Freedom Struggle of the Jangal Mahal
The first formidable Adivasi resistance against the
East India Company broke out in the year 1798. It continued up to 1799. This
tribal revolt is termed as the Chuar Rebellion. Modern historians have objected the use of term
“Chuar” for this rebellion because it was derogatory term used by ruling class.
In fact, they want this revolt to be named as ‘Freedom Struggle of
the Jangal Mahal’.
The Adivasis of the Jungle Mahal mostly lived in south-west Bengal including Midnapore, Bankura, Dilbhoom, Singbhoom, Manbhum, Chtonagpur and a portion of Orissa. They were locally called Chaur which literally means ‘vagabond and vile people’. The Chaur tribes were divided into various ethnic groups, viz. Bagdi, Kurmi, Santhal, Bhumij, Bauri, Kora, Mahli and Munda.
Causes
The Chaur tribes practiced cultivation on the outskirt of dense forest region. They also worked as Paiks (security guards of zamindar) under local zamindars. They received Paikan land (tax-free land) instead of salaries. With the establishment of British rule, the East India Company imposed huge taxes on the zamindars as well as on the Adivasis. Famine and oppressive demands also added hardship to their condition. Failing to pay demands, the zamindars and the Adivasis were dispossessed of their property.
The Chaur could not tolerate the British policy of resumption of land which they enjoyed since the Mughal period. Besides the lands and their services to the local, the Chaur had no other means of subsistence. The adivasis, being oppressed both by the East India Company Officials and local zamindars, found no other alternative but to join in the clarion against the colonial regime. The uprising continued for around three decades from 1768-69 to 1799.
Characteristics
The Chaur rebellion was the first revolt against the East India Company on the Indian subcontinent. It was a combined uprising of the tribal people and the zamindar. The first Chaur uprising took place in 1768 at Ghatshila (Dilbhoom). Raja Jagannath, the zamindar of Ghatshila, provided leadership to the Chaur revolt. 50,000 Chuar peasants or paiks who lost their Paikan land, joined the revolt. They drove out the British and took control of the area.
The second Chaur revolt broke out in 1771 under the leadership of zamindar Davikram Shyam Gunjan. It was successfully suppressed by the East India Company.
The actual Chaur revolt took place in 1798. The main characteristic features of the Chaur rebellion were first, it was a fight to maintain their rights over the forests; and second after the introduction of Permanent settlement Act (1793), the East India Company started forcible taking away the lands belonging to the Chaur people.
In the north-west Medinipur the Queen of Karnagarh Rani Shiromoni took leadership of the leadership. Her three main centres were Shalbani, bahadur and Karnagarh. She was joined by many Paik and common men. Though Rani Shiromoni was arrested, ultimately she was released and got back her zamindari right from the British. Rani shiromoni is popularly called the Rani Laxmibai of Midnapur.
Durjan Singh, a displaced
zamindar of Raipur Pargana, rose to revolt. Along with 1500 Chaur followers or
Paik, he created havoc. He
established his rule over 30 villages. He attacked the East India Company establishments
and burned down government offices in Salboni. Gang dacoity, looting and mass
killing occurred in Raipur, Basudevpur, Jaieswar, Tamluk etc.
Achal Singha led the Layek community of Bagri in a guerilla
style revolt. This is the unique characteristics of the Chaur revolt.
Significance
The entire adivasi population of Jungle Mahal united together and fought an unprecedented bloody war. It showed the anti British attitude. It was the first spontaneous movement of lower class people. Police and army from Medinipore town were dispatched to contain this terrible revolt. In the post Chuar period, the company granted certain concession to the zamindars who failed to pay revenue within stipulated time. The lands of Paik were given back with certain concession. Paiks were also recruited in the British Police jobs.
Descriptive type question.
Q1: Which was the first Tribal uprising against the East India Company? Name two leaders?Q2: Who is called the Rani Lakhsmi Bai of Medinipore? Write short note on her role in the revolt?
Q3: What were the causes of the Chaur revolt?
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